Definition of Negation Plus Many Helpful Examples

In English grammar, negation is a grammatical construction that contradicts (or negates) all or part of the meaning of a sentence. Also known as  a  negative construction or  standard negation. In standard English, negative clauses and sentences commonly include the negative particle not or the contracted negative nt. Other negative  words include  no, none, nothing, nobody, nowhere, and never.   In many cases, a negative word  can be formed by adding the prefix un- to the positive form of a word  (as in unhappy  and undecided). Other negative affixes (called negators)  include a-, de-, dis-, in-, -less, and mis-. Examples and Observations It was not singing and it was not crying, coming up the stairs.(Faulkner, William. That Evening Sun Go Down, 1931.) I cant remember when I  wasnt singing  out of the house.(Thomas, Irma Talking New Orleans Music,  ed. by  Burt Feintuch. University Press of Mississippi, 2015.) I bet youve never smelled a real school bus before.(Ferris Buellers Day Off, 1986.) I have had a perfectly wonderful evening, but this wasnt it.(Groucho Marx) ​Never trust anyone who has not brought a book with them.(Snicket, Lemony:  Horseradish: Bitter Truths You Cant Avoid, 2007.) I have some rope up here, but I do not think you would accept my help, since I am only waiting around to kill you.(Inigo Montoya in The Princess Bride, 1987.) No zinc tub, no buckets of stove-heated water, no flaky, stiff, grayish towels washed in a kitchen sink, dried in a dusty backyard, no tangled black puffs of rough wool to comb.(Morrison, Toni.  The Bluest Eye,  Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.) She passed a drugstore, a bakery, a shop  of rugs, a funeral parlor, but nowhere was there a sign of a hardware store.(Singer, Isaac Bashevis. The Key,  A Friend of Kafka  and Other Stories,  Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1970.) I had never before heard pure applause in a ballpark. No calling, no whistling, just an ocean of handclaps, minute after minute, burst after burst, crowding and running together in continuous succession like the pushes of surf at the edge of the sand. It was a sombre and considered tumult. There was not a boo in it.(Updike, John.  Hub Fans Bid Kid Adieu,  1960.) [T]he people of the State of New York cannot allow any individuals within her borders to go  unfed, unclothed, or unsheltered.(New York Governor Franklin Roosevelt, October 1929, quoted by  Herbert Mitgang in  Once Upon a Time in New York,  Cooper Square Press, 2003.) What About Aint? Together with negative concord, aint is perhaps the best-known shibboleth of non-standard English, and this already implies that it is highly stigmatized. Aint is a negative form of unclear historical origin and of very wide usage—both grammatically and geographically. Probably due to a historical coincidence, aint functions as the negative form of both present tense BE and present tense HAVE in non-standard English today.(Anderwald, Lieselotte.  Negation in Non-Standard British English: Gaps, Regularizations, and Asymmetries,  Routledge, 2002.) Boy, have you lost your mind? Cause Ill help you find it. What you looking for, aint nobody gonna help you out there.(Leslie David Baker as Stanley in Take Your Daughter to Work Day, The Office, 2006.) The Position of Not The preferred position for the negator not is after the first word of the auxiliary or after a copula, in a main clause. Under various circumstances, a negator that should properly be placed elsewhere is attracted into this position. Firstly, note that what is here called sentential negation can apply either to a main clause, as in (79), or to a complement clause, as in (80). (79) I didnt say [that he lied] (I said nothing)(80) I said [that he didnt lie] (I said that he told the truth) Here the difference in meaning is significant, and the negator nt is likely to be maintained in its proper place. But consider: (81) I dont think [that he came] (I dont know what he did)(82) I think [that he didnt come] (I think that he stayed away) The sentiment expressed in (81) is not likely to be often expressed, whereas that in (82) is much used. As Jespersen (1909–49, pt. V: 444) mentions, people often say I dont think that he came when they actually mean (82), that he stayed away. This can be accounted for by attraction of nt from the complement clause into the preferred position, after the first word of the auxiliary in the main clause.(Dixon, Robert M.W.  A Semantic Approach to English Grammar,  Oxford University Press, 2005.)

Hermann Mesmer An Astounding Development For Mental Health

Although Franz Mesmer was labeled as a fraud, he provided a basis for later psychoanalytic techniques such as hypnotism. As research of mental illness developed, mental disorders were classified as psychological illnesses instead of physiological illnesses. In light of this, physicians created ways to test the brain for mental illness: cranial capacity research and phrenology. Figure 1. Cranial capacity research - credit: Dr. Stanley B. Burns Figure 1. shows Dr. John Shaw Billings photographing a skull that is plunged under a tank of water to gauge its cranial capacity, which was thought to detect mental illness. Billings and his apprentice had to perform the procedure quickly because the skull would absorbed too much water if it was†¦show more content†¦The abundance of scientific accomplishments in Great Britain catalyzed a movement of treatment and asylum reform. In the nineteenth century Great Britain, numerous social acts were performed with the intention of reforming asylum and medical treatment standards. Before asylums existed, lunatics either roamed the streets for shelter or were confined to the basements and cellars of their shamed family. This was before there was any form of social order. In 1247, St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital opened just outside of London, which was devoted to treating sickly paupers. In 1547, Henry VIII founded Bethlehem hospital was to be transformed into the first specialized m ental health hospital. The institution received the label â€Å"Bedlam† because of their horrible reputation of drastic living conditions and inhumane treatment to their patients, such as putting their violent patients up for display and throwing their gentler patients on the street to become beggars. Up until the eighteenth century, the primary use of asylums were to lock away the mentally ill dispose of society’s nuisances. Even though it was royally declared a mental institution in 1547, it was not until the eighteenth century that hospital services for the insane began to be seriously provided and even then, the quality of care was

The Essence of a Revolution free essay sample

There have been countless revolutions in the world, all having different causes and outcomes. Many are known for their violence, and the unnecessarily bloody way in which revolutionaries try to overthrow the system they disagree with. The French Revolution is widely known for its brutality and for the extreme rage that the revolutionaries felt because of injustice and oppression. Because the French Revolution is so fierce, memorable, and complex, many authors have tried to accomplish the challenging task of capturing the real character of it. Charles Dickens successfully captures the essence of the French Revolution in the novel by conveying to the reader the main causes of the revolution, the violence that took place, and the disgust and hostility that the people felt towards the aristocracy. All of these aspects come together to express the essence of the French as well as many other revolutions. Dickens does an excellent job communicating to the reader the main causes of the revolution, and this is a major element for capturing the essence of it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Essence of a Revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The French Revolution was mostly caused by economic crisis and social injustice. Economic crisis was due mainly because of King Louis XVI’s investment of large sums of money for the American Revolution, which resulted in the bankruptcy of the French government. ‘The French Revolution’ packet states, â€Å"By supporting the American colonists in their war for independence, the French could help to separate Great Britain from its most valuable colonial possession,† (The). This seems like a well-thought plan, but the results of it were not as favorable as the King believed. The same source states, â€Å"An audit in 1788 revealed to King Louis and his ministers that the crown was heavily in debt from the investment on the war and would continue to be so burdened without some way of raising new money,† (The). If the government wanted to raise money, they would need to enforce heavier taxes on the people. Unjust taxations impoverished the middle and lower classes extremely, and it became increasingly difficult to afford food. Hunger increased, and famines created riots and propelled the spread of revolutionary ideas. It is clear from the book that poverty and need were prevalent everywhere in France. â€Å"Hunger rattled its dry bones among the roasting chestnuts in the turned cylinder; Hunger was shred into atomies in every farthing porringer of husky chips of potato, fried with some reluctant drops of oil,†(26). Undoubtedly, the desperation of the lower class would eventually lead to the revolution. In a memorable chapter named ‘The Wine Shop’, an event takes place which helps the reader understand the hardships that the lower classes endured during the revolution. A wine cask falls and breaks on the floor, and wine is spilled in the streets. In reaction to this, many people come filled with excitement to drink the wine from the ground, like animals. Because they usually cannot afford to buy wine, the scene is portrayed joyfully and in a celebrative way. â€Å"Some men kneeled down, made scoops of their two hands joined, and sipped, or tried to help women, dipped in the puddles with little mugs of mutilated earthenware, or even with handkerchiefs from women’s heads, which were squeezed dry into infants’ mouths (24). It is easily understood that these hardships were a great part of what caused the revolution by analyzing the clues that Dickens employs. An example appears in this scene. Here, there is a man who uses wine to write the word blood in a wall. This is strongly foreshadowing the change that is to come. The author is comparing wine to blood, and therefore he is relating the poverty of the people to the blood and change that will come. It is a powerful and effective way to explain why the revolution will happen and to foreshadow it. All the methods that Dickens uses to explain the causes of the revolution help the reader understand one of the main aspects of the essence. Another aspect that caused the revolution to occur is social injustice. This social injustice rose because of economic inequality and cruel treatment of the poorer classes. Economic inequality was caused mostly by unjust taxations on the bourgeoisie. â€Å"This was the educated class which was heavily taxed whereas the ruling nobles and the clergy were exempted from taxation†, (Causes). Because the ruling nobles and the clergy did not have to pay, the middle and lower classes were forced to pay more to support their fortunate lifestyles. This situation further worsened inequality between the classes. While the nobles had all types of extravagances and overwhelming amounts of fine foods, the middle and lower classes were suffering. The way that the upper classes took advantage of the lower class is seen in A Tale of Two Cities. Monseigneur, a powerful and rich aristocrat, is a representation of the injustice and economic difference in comparison to the lower classes. His character does everything with great elegance and preparation, including taking his hot chocolate in the mornings. It states, â€Å"It took four men, all four a-blaze with gorgeous decoration, and the Chief of them unable to exist with fewer than two gold watches in his pocket, emulative of the noble and chaste fashion set by Monseigneur, to conduct the happy chocolate to Monseigneur’s lips† (94). The characterization that Dickens employs in this case is for the purpose of communicating one of the major reasons why the revolution happened. On the one hand, people were suffering and hungry. On the other hand, there were people like Monseigneur, who made up a small percentage of the population, and who consumed and took advantage of all the riches of the nation. A source states, â€Å"The high-level members of the Catholic Church and the hereditary nobility included about 3% of the population in France. The remaining 97% belonged to the Third Estate,† (The). Not only did the upper classes enjoy unnecessary and unjust privileges compared to those of the lower classes, but there was also discrimination and cruelty towards them. In the novel, Monsieur the Marquis, another nobleman of the time, represents the cold and cruel members of the aristocracy. The Marquis is traveling in a coach, and suddenly it runs over a child. The child is killed in the accident, but the Marquis does not seem the least bit moved because of this event. He even condemns them, saying, â€Å"It is extraordinary to me, that you people cannot take care of yourselves and your children How do I know what injury you have done to my horses? † (101). He tries to compensate with a couple of coins, which he gives to the child’s father. When someone throws back the coins at him, he says, â€Å"You dogs! I would ride over any of you willingly, and exterminate you from the earth,† (102). The cruelty of the aristocrats raised feelings of hatred and rage from the people. Once again, Dickens includes clues in his writing which change the point of view and lead the reader to think differently about a certain topic. For example, Dickens compares Monsieur the Marquis’ face with a Gorgon’s face. â€Å"The Gorgon had surveyed the building again in the night, and had added the one stone face wanting; the stone face for which it had waited through about two hundred years. It lay back on the pillow of Monsieur the Marquis,† (118). In stating that the Marquis’ face is a stone face, Dickens is implying that the man is cold and heartless, like the Gorgon which he compares him to. The Marquis is indifferent to suffering, and his image is a merciless and pitiless one. As he represents the aristocrats in the novel, the reader feels more sympathy for the lower class. The social injustice that the reader is comprehending by reading about Monseigneur and the cruelty of Monsieur the Marquis gives the reader a sense of what one of the main causes of the revolution were: the economic inequality and social injustice. In helping to understand the anger of the people, the causes of the revolution are better understood and thus the essence is transmitted to the reader effectively. Eventually, the people decided to stand up against the unjust system they were living in by rioting and protesting, and thus the revolution started. As it began, outbursts of violence took place, which marked the beginning of the revolution. For example, The Storming of the Bastille[1] was an event which marked the first major act of violence against the old system of government. It began the wave of revolutionary ideas and was a key event in which people expressed their anger and hatred for aristocrats and kings. In A Tale of Two Cities, this event is described in detail by Dickens and gives the reader a sense of how the people felt. The book states, â€Å"Every pulse and heart in Saint Antoine was on high-fever strain and at high-fever heat. Every living creature there held life as of no account, and was demented with a passionate readiness to sacrifice it,† (199). From this quotation, it is clear that the people were extremely enraged, as they were willing to sacrifice their lives to end the inequality. This shows that their feelings and goals drove them to act against the injustices they disagreed with. When the old system of monarchy was finally overthrown, there came much bloodshed. The period of time when many were killed in the Guillotine[2], was named ‘The Reign of Terror’. Dickens portrayal of The Terror in A Tale of Two Cities is perhaps what is best known about this novel. It makes up the main plot of the story, and it is as dramatic as it is accurate in historical events. A source states, â€Å"All those men of talent or power who were seen as a threat to the new revolution were sent to the Guillotine. In the course of this Reign of Terror this ungodly regime managed to execute thousands of men who were considered as having the potential to stand up against the regime,† (Reign). Robespierre, the main leader of the Terror, led it by accusing and executing people (in most cases) for being aristocrats or for being part of counter-revolutions. In the novel, the reader gets a good sense of this through the trial and verdict of Charles Darnay, who is part of the Evremonde noble family. He was denounced by a revolutionary, and in the trial the jury comes to the conclusion that Darnay will be executed by beheading in the guillotine, as many others were for the same reason. The reader understands the Terror in A Tale of Two Cities by reading about the many innocent people that were convicted with the charges of being against the revolution. By reading about radicalization in the novel, the reader comprehends how the people acted to obtain their goals with violence , and therefore learns about one the revolution’s major component and its essence. The feelings of the common people gave life to this revolutionary era and have the same significance in A Tale of Two Cities. In the revolution, neighbors turned their backs on each other and denounced the aristocrats and counter-revolutionaries, wishing them dead even when they had committed no offenses. To them, being part of the nobility meant they were cruel and unjust. Because of all the hardships that the lower class had endured and all the commodities that the upper class had enjoyed, the common people felt that by exterminating all the aristocrats they would eliminate all injustice and inequality. Similarly, A Tale of Two Cities communicates how desperate and oppressed these people felt. Through characters such as Madame Defarge and The Vengeance, the reader grasps the real feelings of the common people and is able to step into their shoes. Madame Defarge is consumed with hate for the nobility through the entire story, and the reader does not find out the specific reason why until later in the book: her sister was raped, driven insane, and killed and her brother was killed by a nobleman when trying to avenge his sister. Since then, Madame Defarge blames all the aristocrats for her loss and for all the peoples’ sufferings. It states, â€Å"But, imbued from her childhood with a brooding sense of wrong, and an inveterate hatred of a class, opportunity had developed her into a tigress. She was absolutely without pity. If she had ever had the virtue in her, it had quite gone out of her. It was nothing to her, that an innocent man was to die for the sins of his forefathers; she saw, not him, but them,† (338). By reading about her character, the reader is able to imagine what some people felt and why they felt it. Another character that Dickens uses to convey to the reader the feelings of the people during the revolution is The Vengeance. Dickens creates this obvious character to make the feelings of the people extremely clear, and he achieves this very successfully. The Vengeance is always near Madame Defarge, showing that her hatred comes from revenge. Like her friend, she is bloodthirsty and cruel. Charles Dickens uses these two characters to demonstrate the culmination of the feelings of the common people in their passion to eliminate an old oppressive system and install a better one, and to voice his opinion that the oppressed could easily and would most likely become the oppressors. In helping the reader see the loathing that the people feel towards the aristocracy, Dickens successfully conveys to the reader what the people felt and hoped to accomplish, thus effectively conveying the essence of the revolution. Through A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens teaches the reader about the essence of the French Revolution and, at the same time, about the essence of all revolutions in general. Throughout the novel, it is understood that the revolution is for the better and is necessary. However, the way that the people act to achieve this revolution is often violent, pitiless, and cruel. Apart from showing this to the reader, Dickens also writes in a way that changes the reader’s perspective of the world. The novel raises questions about the world around us and how people might act and have acted when unfair situations arise, and it leaves the reader pondering the current events and crises of their time. In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens not only shows the reader why revolutions occur, but also exposes possibilities for the future and for ourselves.

Disruptive Innovative Network for Market and Value -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDisruptive Innovative Network for Market and Value. Answer: Introduction A disruptive based technology is a concept of innovation that assist by creating a new market and value based network and finally went on to disrupt of a present market and value related network. The work is utilised in technology and business literature associated to defines to innovation that improve the quality of product or services in methods that the market does not based on expectation. However, the word disruptive technology is used widely with disruptive innovation which seems a right term in many ways since few technologies are disruptive internally rather it is associated based on business model that the present technology (Christensen et al., 2015). In an organization there are many important question which must be answered by every company like how can one beat at the competition in the market or how to know in advance about the battles in the market with changing trends and customer needs. The concept of disruption has proven to be very consistent and effective kind of strategy for causing intense competition to flee from number of entrant attackers rather fighting back. Another important question here is how business ideas in disruptive strategy can be shaped in right manner. Objective and scope The objective of the report is to understand the concept of disruptive innovation and its contribution in business in current time. There are number if leaders of small or big companies that are praising it as their guiding stars and for many executives at large with strong establishment companies like Intel, Salesforce.com and many more. Ironically, the disruption theory is under a lot of danger of becoming a part of victim of its own success. The concept of broad dissemination, the theorys core topics have not understood properly and it comes under the basic tenets in frequent manner and it can be misapplied (Christensen et al., 2016). In addition, it is also important for the refinements in the theory over past twenty years that appear to have completely overshadowed by overall popularity of the first form of formulation. As an outcome, the theory is also sometimes highly criticized for the disadvantages that have already been addresses properly. Literature review The dilemma of innovator can be identified in various stages or the help of three essential elements based on disruption as depicted below in the figure. Initially, each market there is level of improvement that consumer can use as well as absorb which are represented by the dotted sloping line which goes upward in the chart. For instance, the automobile based organization keep providing a new and improved engine however one cant just use all the performance that they make it available which comes under the hood (Christensen et al., 2016). There are number of factors like traffic jams, safety concerns, speed limits and safety issues constrain on how much performance can be used rightly. The chart depicts the customers ability to use the improvement as a single line. In real life, there is wide distribution of consumers that are around the media and there are so many lines in the market which indicated by the curve of distribution at the right. Consumers are also highest or highly demanding tiers that can never be completely ok with the best that is present and it also covers the least demanding tiers that can be over satisfied with little quantity. On an average, the dotted line in the graph shows the technology that is sufficiently good to serve the present mainstream set of customers and their needs (Guttentag, 2015). Secondly, in each market there is distinct and separate set of trajectories for improving the innovative companies that provides as they introduce a new and improved set of products. Thus, an organization whose product are positioned in square manner on so many mainstream consumers with the current needs that might overshoot what those consumers are able to use in future. This further happens since the organization keep looking to make better products that can sold for high profit margins for not so satisfied consumers in highly demanded tiers of the market. To properly visualize the whole process, it is important to think back in time of 1983 when so many people started using the PCs specifically for work processing. There are number of typists often had to stop the work to let the Intel chip inside to catch up with speed of typing. The third most critical component of the model is based on distinction that exist between sustaining and disruptive based innovation. There are sustaining based innovation that specifically target the current demand with high end consumers with better performance that what was available previously (Pinkse et al., 2014). There is sustainable based innovation that are incremental by nature for yearly improvement that all good organizations can grind. There is other sustainable innovation that breakthrough products. It never mattered on how technology is challenging for the innovation but the setting of competitors always wins the war of sustaining the technology. Since the strategy also entails the making of a better product that one can sell for high profit margins to the best consumer and the establishment where competitors have the strong innovation to fight sustaining battles. And it is important to have the right resources to win in future (Horn and Staker, 2014). The concept of d isruptive innovation on the other hand never really tries to bring better products to loyal consumer in the current market. Instead, there is a disruption which completely redefines the overall trajectory by discussing products and services that are not as good as current present products. However, disruptive technologies also provide advantages based and simple with high convenience and less expensive products that can attract the new or at times less demanding consumers. It is also important to understand that when the disruptive product properly gain a foothold in new or low-end markets along with improvement cycle starts. And since the pace of technologies further progresses with outstrips the customers capacity to use it and the previous average technology eventually improving enough to intersect the needs of more demanding consumers (Horn and Staker, 2014). The concept of disruption also has a paralysed impact on the leaders of industry and with right resource allocation with processes designed as well as perfected to support sustaining innovation and are constitutionally unable to answer. They are always highly motivated to go upward in the market with less motivated people to defend new market that the disruptors find good looking deals. This phase or phenomenon is called as asymmetric motivation. It is associated with core of the dilemma of innovators and the beginning of solution of innovators (King and Baatartogtokh, 2015). Disruption at work The overall disruption is also integrated with steel mills defined by Minimills which is further reviewed in a brief manner in the book of The Innovators Dilemma. In historic language, most the worlds steel has come from huge integrated mills that do every possible thing from reacting to iron ore to limestone and many more. The overall cost was about eight billion dollars to build a new integrated kind of mill in present manner. The concept of Minimills on the other hand, melt scrap the steel in electric kind of arc with furnaces that are approximately twenty meters in diameter as well as ten meters tall (Baiyere et al., 2015). Since one can produce the molten steel which is cost effect in a way small chambers and minimills doesnt require the huge scale rolling operation that are needed to handle the output of effective blast furnace and therefore it is called as minimills. It is important to understand here that steel is a commodity and one can think that every possible integrated steel organization in the world will adopt in aggressive manner for the straightforward with low cost minimill technology. One can easily discuss about something that makes so much sense that has been very challenging for many integrated mills. The concept first became technologically right in the mid-1960. Since, the companies melt the scrap of many varying chemistry in the electric arc based furnaces along with the quality of the steel that minimills can produce first was poor (Baiyere et al., 2015). Also, the only place that accepts the output of minimills was based on concrete and reinforcing bar market. The discussion for rebar are usually loose by nature and therefore this was an ideal place for products of low as well as variable or changing quality. Since the minimills were attacked with the rebar market along with integrated mills that were happy to get rid of the current style of commodity based business. Since the differences occurs at the cost structure and the options for the sake of investment that can face and the rebar market seem very distinct to disruptor. For the current integrated manufacturer, gross profit margins on rebar usually hovered with approx. seven percent and the complete product category accounted just for four percent of industry tonnage. It was less attractive of any kind of tier of the market in which one can invest to develop (Osiyevskyy and Dewald, 2015). Therefore, as the establishment of minimills as a foothold in the market along with integrated mills that were reconfigured the rebar lines to make highly profitable products. On the other hand, there was twenty percent of cost based advantage and the minimills have further enjoyed the attractive profits of competition which is completely against th e current integrated mills for rebar until 1979 specifically when minimills finally succeed in driving with last integrated mill out of the rebar set of market. As per the past record, pricing statistics shows that prices is based on rebar then collapsing by more than twenty percent. In minimill can also compete against the prohibitive cost and integrated mills. Conclusion The concept of disruptive innovation will keep expanding as well as refining the basic theory of disruptive innovation along with much work that lies in future. For instance, there are number of universally impactful answers to many disruptive threats that also remain completely elusive. The current set of belief in the system of companies should develop a separate set of division that functions under the protection of many senior leadership to rightly explore a new kind of disruptive model (Reinhardt, 2013). There is time, the method works and there is time when it doesnt. In specific cases, a failed response to disruptive threat cannot be part of lack of clarity with insufficient executive level attention and wrong financial investments. Such issues that come up with an incumbent and an entrant level have yet to be completely specified and how best to meet the issues is still needs to be discovered. The theory of disruption does not completely explain everything about the concept o f disruptive innovation. It is important to understand that there far too many cases that are in play and each element of will help in rewarding for further studies (Parry and Kawakami, 2017). However, there is a cause for hope along with empirical tests that shows that using the theory of disruption makes people measurably right and accurate as per the prediction of which fledgling the business. The community is growing and researchers continues to manufacture or develop disruptive theory and integrate it with other approaches and one will come to an even better clarity of people assisting companies by innovating in a successful manner. Reference Baiyere, A., Donnellan, B., Hevner, A., Smith, C. and Stikeleather, J., 2015. DISRUPTIVE INNOVATIONS and IT_x000D_ A Wicked yet Empowering combination. Christensen, C.M., McDonald, R., Altman, E.J. and Palmer, J., 2016.Disruptive Innovation: Intellectual History and Future Paths. Harvard Business School. Christensen, C.M., Raynor, M.E. and McDonald, R., 2015. Disruptive innovation.Harvard Business Review,93(12), pp.44-53. Guttentag, D., 2015. Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector.Current issues in Tourism,18(12), pp.1192-1217. Horn, M.B. and Staker, H., 2014.Blended: Using disruptive innovation to improve schools. John Wiley Sons. King, A.A. and Baatartogtokh, B., 2015. How useful is the theory of disruptive innovation?.MIT Sloan Management Review,57(1), p.77. Osiyevskyy, O. and Dewald, J., 2015. Explorative versus exploitative business model change: the cognitive antecedents of firm?level responses to disruptive innovation.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(1), pp.58-78. Parry, M.E. and Kawakami, T., 2017. The Encroachment Speed of Potentially Disruptive Innovations with Indirect Network Externalities: The Case of E?Readers.Journal of Product Innovation Management,34(2), pp.141-158. Pinkse, J., Bohnsack, R. and Kolk, A., 2014. The Role of Public and Private Protection in Disruptive Innovation: The Automotive Industry and the Emergence of Low?Emission Vehicles.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(1), pp.43-60. Reinhardt, U.E., 2013. The disruptive innovation of price transparency in health care.Jama,310(18), pp.1927-1928.